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Sir Tony Radakin says Kyiv is pushing Russia back” and has rejected claims Ukraine’s counteroffensive is struggling. This live blog is closed Britain’s most senior military officer, Sir Tony. It is the largest country in the world by area , extending across eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. Russia is a highly urbanised country including 16 population centres with over a million inhabitants.
Its capital and largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and its cultural capital. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the Grand Duchy of Moscow led the unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers , developing into the Russian Empire , which remains the third-largest empire in history.
However, with the Russian Revolution in , Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR —the world's first constitutionally socialist state. At the expense of millions of lives , the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War , it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence.
The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements , including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin , under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and become an authoritarian dictatorship.
Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries , including its war with Georgia in and its war with Ukraine since , which has involved the internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian territory including Crimea in and four other regions in during an ongoing invasion. It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure.
Russia is generally considered a great power and is a regional power. Internationally, Russia ranks very low in measurements of democracy , human rights and freedom of the press ; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. As of , Russia has a high-income economy which ranks eleventh in the world by nominal GDP and sixth at purchasing power parity , relying on its vast mineral and energy resources ; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the English name Russia first appeared in the 14th century, borrowed from Medieval Latin : Russia , used in the 11th century and frequently in 12th-century British sources, in turn derived from Russi , 'the Russians' and the suffix -ia. There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. According to the Primary Chronicle , the word Rus' is derived from the Rus' people , who were a Swedish tribe, and where the three original members of the Rurikid dynasty came from.
The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45, years, in Western Siberia. In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns.
Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdom , which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies, [ 56 ] was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars. The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe c. From the 7th century onwards, the incoming East Slavs slowly assimilated the native Finno-Ugrians.
The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangians , the Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. According to the Primary Chronicle , a Varangian from the Rus' people , named Rurik , was elected ruler of Novgorod in In , his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev , which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars.
In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of Vladimir the Great — and his son Yaroslav the Wise — constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium , and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code , the Russkaya Pravda.
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Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, the Novgorod Republic in the north, and Galicia-Volhynia in the south-west. Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of —, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population.
In the northeast, the Byzantine-Slavic traditions of Kievan Rus' were adapted to form the Russian autocratic state. After the fall of Constantinople in , Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. The tsar promulgated a new code of laws Sudebnik of , established the first Russian feudal representative body the Zemsky Sobor , revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government.
Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains. The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik dynasty in , and in combination with the disastrous famine of — , led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century. Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks.
Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper , leaving the eastern part, Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev under Russian rule. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes , and by the midth century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula , along the Amur River , and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Under Peter the Great , Russia was proclaimed an empire in , and established itself as one of the European great powers.
Ruling from to , Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War — , securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade.